![]() We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the breadth and outcomes of controlled trials testing the effect of PA/exercise across all mental health outcomes. ![]() It also refers to general indicators of mental health, such as quality of life and well-being, 22 including depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, stress, mood states, substance use, self-esteem, affect, resilience, self-confidence and self-concept. 20 21 The term ‘mental health outcomes’ refers to mental health symptoms collected by specific quantitative outcome measures of symptom severity, for example, depression symptoms as measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. ‘Physical activity’ is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure, and ‘exercise’ is the planned, structured and repetitive undertaking of PA for the purpose of maintaining or improving health-related or skill-related components of physical fitness. This review addressed the following research question: what is known about the effectiveness of PA/exercise for mental health promotion and as an indicated prevention strategy in young people? (in all contexts: university/school, community, hospital, correctional facility). 13 Despite these positive beliefs, disengagement from regular exercise, PA and sporting clubs steadily increases during adolescence, 14 15 coinciding with the average age of onset of mental health problems. Physical activity (PA)/exercise is a non-stigmatising intervention with few side effects 12 and is viewed by young people as helpful in promoting mental health and treating mental health problems. ![]() 7 Young people are often reluctant to seek help for mental health concerns therefore, interventions need to be youth-friendly, acceptable, feasible and non-stigmatising 8 and matched to their specific needs. 6Īccess to interventions that promote mental health and that are effective in the early stages of illness has the potential to rapidly improve the mental health and functioning of young people and prevent the negative impact of persistent mental illness. 5 Given the high prevalence, interventions that promote mental health as well as target the early phases or subthreshold levels of disorder are urgently required. 2–4 Indeed, young people with increased risk of or increased incidence of mental disorder symptoms have significant social and occupational functioning impairments and experience high levels of psychological distress. Significantly impaired function is associated with increased mental health disorder symptoms in young people, such as depression and anxiety symptoms, which are equally, if not more, prevalent than diagnosed disorders. 1 Therefore, the promotion of mental health and the prevention of mental health disorders are paramount. Youth mental health disorders are expected to be a leading cause of disability in developed countries by 2020.
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